Arthur M. Okun (1928-1980)

Arthur Okun is known mainly for Okun’s Law, which describes a linear relation between percentage changes in unemployment and percent changes in gross national product. It states that for every percentage point that the unemployment rate falls, real GNP rises by 3 percent. Okun’s Law was based on data from World War II to 1960. He cautioned that the law was good only within the range of unemployment rates – 3 to 7.5 percent – experienced in that time period.

Like many economic laws, Okun’s is an observation of an empirical (real-world) regularity that is not based on any strong economic reasoning. Nevertheless, it has held up well, within the appropriate range of unemployment rates, since Okun discovered it. Yale’s James Tobin, who was Okun’s colleague both at Yale and on President Kennedy’s Council of Economic Advisers (CEA), has called Okun’s Law “one of the most reliable empirical regularities of macroeconomics”.

Okun discovered the law while he was a senior economist with Kennedy’s CEA. The CEA wanted to convince Kennedy that the economy-wide gains of lowering unemployment from 7 to 4 percent were greater than previously imagined. Okun’s Law was a major part of the empirical justification for Kennedy’s tax cuts. At the end of President Johnson’s admininstration, Okun was chairman of the CEA.

Okun believed that wealth transfers by taxation from the relatively rich to the relatively poor are an appropriate policy for government. But he recognized the loss of efficiency inherent in the redistribution process. In Equality and Efficiency: The Big Tradeoff Okun introduced the metaphor of the leaky bucket, which has become famous among economists. He wrote: “The money must be carried from the rich to the poor in a leaky bucket. Some of it will simply disappear in transit, so the poor will not receive all the money that is taken from the rich.”

Okun attributed the losses to administrative costs of taxing and transferring, and to incentive effects. The poor who are receiving welfare or other transfer payments have less incentive to work because their transfer payments are reduced as they make more money. The rich have less incentive to work because high marginal tax rates take a large fraction of their additional income (top tax rates were between 50 and 70 percent at the time he was writing). The relatively rich also have more of an incentive to spend on tax-deductible items and on tax shelters as a way of avoiding taxes. “High tax rates,” wrote Okun, “are followed by attempts of ingenious men to beat them as surely as snow is followed by little boys on sleds.” For these insights, Okun can be considered one of the original supply-siders.

Major Works of Arthur Okun

– A Review of Some Economic Forecasts for 1955–57, 1959, Econometrica
– On the Appraisal of Cyclical Turning Point Predictors, 1960, Journal of Business
– The Value of Anticipations Data in Forecasting National Product, 1960, in Quality and Economic Significance of Anticipations Data
– Potential GNP: Its measurement and significance, 1962, Proceedings of ASA
– Comment on Friedman’s and Schwartz’s Money and Business Cycles, 1963, REStat
– Investment Demand at Full Employment, 1963, Proceedings of ASA
– Monetary Policy, Debt Management and Interest Rates: A Quantitative Appraisal, 1963, in Stabilization Policies
– The Political Economy of Prosperity, 1970.
– Upward Mobility in a High-Pressure Economy, 1973, BPEA
– Inflation: Its mechanics and welfare costs, 1975, BPEA
– Equality and Efficiency: the Big Tradeoff, 1975.
– Efficient Disinflationary Policies, 1978, AER
– Rational Expectations with Misperceptions as a Theory of the Business Cycle, 1980, JMCB
– Prices and Quantities: A macroeconomic analysis. 1981
– Economics for Policymaking: Selected Essays, 1983