19th century idealists from Friedrich Hegel (1770-1831) to Francis Herbert Bradley (1846-1924) – unlike the earlier 18th century idealist George Berkeley (1685-1753) – were heavily influenced by Immanuel Kant (1724-1804).
Kant insisted that there are limits to what we can, in principle, know about reality, and that we necessarily look at the world in certain ways only; for example in terms of substance and cause.
These idealists concluded that the world as we see it is somehow derivative, apparent, relative, incomplete, and even contradictory. They used ‘the absolute’ as a term for reality as it really is, free from these limitations but unknowable by us. Baruch Spinoza (1632-1677) and the Greek philosopher Parmenides (early 5th century BC) have been seen as forerunners of this doctrine. (Also see: eleaticism)
For absolute idealism see: objective idealism
Source:
A Quinton, Absolute Idealism (1972); reprint of Dawes Hicks lecture at British Academy in 1971
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Mathematics and science
- Absolute (geometry), the quadric at infinity
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- Absolute value, a notion in mathematics, commonly a number’s numerical value without regard to its sign
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Music
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- The Absolute (Ace Augustine album)
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Philosophy and religion
- Absolute (philosophy), a concept in philosophy
- Absolute truth (Buddhism), describes the ultimate reality as “sunyata”, empty of concrete and inherent characteristics
Politics and law
- Absolute defence, a factual circumstance or argument that, if proven, will end the litigation in favor of the defendant
- Absolute liability, a standard of legal liability found in tort and criminal law of various legal jurisdictions
- Absolute monarchy, a monarchical form of government in which the monarch’s powers are not limited by a constitution or by the law
- Absolute majority, a majority of the membership of a group
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