Atavism (1825-1835)

Meaning the reversion to an earlier type (a throwback) that has been absent during intervening generations, the concept of atavism dates from antiquity.

In modernity, the idea was applied by CESARE LOMBROSO (1835-1909), an Italian criminologist who believed that ‘the criminal mind’ was caused by a primitive human state. American sociologist Thorstein Veblen (1857-1929) applied atavism to predatory industrialists in his The Theory of the Leisure Class (1899).

While the idea has often been used to explain ‘undesirable’ people, in biology it describes the appearance of structures or colours in individuals that are not evident in their parents or grandparents. It is believed that this is caused by the inheritance of a recessive or complementary gene.

The term ‘atavism’ is rarely used by modern biologists.

Also see: MENDEL’S LAWS, HEREDITARIANISM

Biology

Evolutionarily traits that have disappeared phenotypically do not necessarily disappear from an organism’s DNA. The gene sequence often remains, but is inactive. Such an unused gene may remain in the genome for many generations.^[7][8] As long as the gene remains intact, a fault in the genetic control suppressing the gene can lead to it being expressed again. Sometimes, the expression of dormant genes can be induced by artificial stimulation.

Atavisms have been observed in humans, such as with infants born with vestigial tails (called a “coccygeal process”, “coccygeal projection”, or “caudal appendage”).^[9] Atavism can also be seen in humans who possess large teeth, like those of other primates.^[10] In addition, a case of “snake heart”, the presence of “coronary circulation and myocardial architecture [that closely] resemble those of the reptilian heart”, has also been reported in medical literature.^[11] Atavism has also recently been induced in modern avian dinosaur (bird) foetuses to express dormant ancestral non-avian dinosaur features, including teeth.^[12]

Other examples of observed atavisms include:

• Hind limbs in cetaceans.^[3][13]
• Extra toes of the modern horse.^[3][14][15]
• Reappearance of limbs in limbless vertebrates.^[3][6][16]
• Re-evolution of sexuality from parthenogenesis in oribatid mites.^[17]
• Teeth in chickens.^[18]
• Dewclaws in dogs.^[3]
• Reappearance of prothoracic wings in insects.^[19][20][21]
• Reappearance of wings on wingless stick insects^[22] and earwigs.^[3]
• Atavistic muscles in several birds^[23][24] and mammals such as the beagle^[25] and the jerboa.^[23]
• Extra toes in guinea pigs.^[3][26]
• Reemergence of sexual reproduction in the flowering plant Hieracium pilosella and the Crotoniidae family of mites.^[27]
• Webbed feet in adult axolotls.^[28]
• Human tails (not pseudo-tails)^[29][30] and supernumerary nipples in humans (and other primates).^[3]
• Color blindness in humans.^[31]

Culture

Atavism is a term in Joseph Schumpeter’s explanation of World War I in twentieth-century liberal Europe. He defends the liberal international relations theory that an international society built on commerce will avoid war because of war’s destructiveness and comparative cost. His reason for World War I is termed “atavism”, in which he asserts that senescent governments in Europe (those of the German Empire, Russian Empire, Ottoman Empire, and Austro-Hungarian Empire) pulled the liberal Europe into war, and that the liberal regimes of the other continental powers did not cause it. He used this idea to say that liberalism and commerce would continue to have a soothing effect in international relations, and that war would not arise between nations which are connected by commercial ties.^[32]

University of London professor Guy Standing has identified three distinct sub-groups of the precariat, one of which he refers to as “atavists”, who long for what they see as a lost past.^[33]

Social Darwinism

During the interval between the acceptance of evolution in the mid-1800s and the rise of the modern understanding of genetics in the early 1900s, atavism was used to account for the reappearance in an individual of a trait after several generations of absence — often called a “throw-back”.^{[citation needed]} The idea that atavisms could be made to accumulate by selective breeding, or breeding back, led to breeds such as the Heck cattle.^{[citation needed]} This had been bred from ancient landraces with selected primitive traits, in an attempt of “reviving” the aurochs, an extinct species of wild cattle.^{[citation needed]} The same notions of atavisms were used by social Darwinists, who claimed that inferior races displayed atavistic traits, and represented more primitive traits than other races.^{[citation needed]} Both atavism’s and Ernst Haeckel’s recapitulation theory are related to evolutionary progress, as development towards a greater complexity and a superior ability.^{[citation needed]}

In addition, the concept of atavism as part of an individualistic explanation of the causes of criminal deviance was popularised by the Italian criminologist Cesare Lombroso in the 1870s.^[34] He attempted to identify physical characteristics common to criminals and labeled those he found as atavistic, ‘throw-back’ traits that determined ‘primitive’ criminal behavior. His statistical evidence and the closely related idea of eugenics have long since been abandoned by the scientific community, but the concept that physical traits may affect the likelihood of criminal or unethical behavior in a person still has some scientific support.