Separatism (20TH CENTURY)

Radical theory of feminism.

Since existing institutions are both shaped in the interests of men and dominated by them, women can only achieve the abolition of gender based oppression by distinctively female and feminist forms of organization and methods of political action. This involves women forming and working within their own institutions for collective action.

Source:
Maggie Humm, The Dictionary of Feminist Theory (London, 1989)

Motivations

Support for Catalan independence is based on the idea that Catalonia is a nation

Groups may have one or more motivations for separation, including:^[5]

• Emotional resentment and hatred of rival communities.
• Protection from genocide and ethnic cleansing.
• Resistance by victims of oppression, including denigration of their language, culture or religion.
• Influence and propaganda by those inside and outside the region who hope to gain politically from intergroup conflict and hatred.
• Economic and political dominance of one group that does not share power and privilege in an egalitarian fashion.
• Economic motivations: seeking to end economic exploitation by more powerful group or, conversely, to escape economic redistribution from a richer to a poorer group.
• Preservation of threatened religious, language or other cultural tradition.
• Destabilization from one separatist movement giving rise to others.
• Geopolitical power vacuum from breakup of larger states or empires.
• Continuing fragmentation as more and more states break up.
• Feeling that the perceived nation was added to the larger state by illegitimate means.
• The perception that the state can no longer support one’s own group or has betrayed their interests.
• Opposition to political decisions.

Governmental responses

In 1861, the American Civil War started after a separatist movement of southern US states seceded from the United States.

How far separatist demands will go toward full independence, and whether groups pursue constitutional and nonviolent action or armed violence, depend on a variety of economic, political, social and cultural factors, including movement leadership^[6] and the government’s response.^[4] Governments may respond in a number of ways, some of which are mutually exclusive. Some include:^[7]

• accede to separatist demands
• improve the circumstances of disadvantaged minorities, be they religious, linguistic, territorial, economic or political
• adopt “asymmetric federalism” where different states have different relations to the central government depending on separatist demands or considerations
• Allow minorities to win in political disputes about which they feel strongly, through parliamentary voting, referendum, etc.
• Settle for a confederation or a commonwealth relationship where there are only limited ties among states.

Most governments suppress any separatist movement in their own country, but support separatism in other countries.

Ethnic separatism

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Ethnic separatism is based more on cultural and linguistic differences than religious or racial differences, which also may exist. Ethnic separatist movements include the following:

Eurasia

Mural for Catalan independence in Belfast.

Silesians demonstrating in Katowice (in Silesia).

Welsh demonstrating in Cardiff.

Pro-Russian separatists in Donetsk, eastern Ukraine.

• The Soviet Union’s dissolution into its original ethnic groupings which formed their own nations of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, and Uzbekistan.
• Chechen separatism in the Caucasus, currently the Republic of Chechnya is part of the Russian Federation (Russian rule).
• Serb separatism in Bosnia and Herzegovina (Republika Srpska) and Kosovo (North Kosovo).
• Albanian separatism in Kosovo, North Macedonia, and Serbia
• Greeks (Northern Epirotes) separatism in Northern Epirus region of Albania.^[8]
• Turkish separatism in Cyprus (Northern Cyprus).
• South Ossetian and Abkhazian separatism in Georgia.
• Armenian separatists of Nagorno-Karabakh in Azerbaijan
• Kurdish separatism in Turkey, Syria, Iraq
• Sorbs separatism in Germany (Lusatia).
• Silesian separatism in Poland and Czech Republic.
• Basque and Catalan separatism in Spain. Minor separatist movements in Andalusia, Asturias, Balearic Islands, Canary Islands, Castile (almost non-existent), Galicia, León, Navarre and Valencia (see nationalisms and regionalisms of Spain).
• “Celtic nations”^[9] in the British Isles have created various separatist movements from the United Kingdom described as Scottish independence, Welsh Nationalism, Irish Republicanism and Cornish Nationalism.
• France’s Basque, Catalan, Corsican, Breton, Occitan and Savoyan separatists.
• Italy’s separatist movements in Friuli, Sardinia, Sicily, South Tyrol and Veneto.
• Bavarian separatism in Germany, despite the Bavarian Land being referred to as the Bavarian Free State.^[10]
• Belgium granting Dutch-speaking Flanders and French-speaking Wallonia greater autonomy.
• In the Netherlands, some Frisians covet an autonomous country or area (see Fryske Beweging on the West Frisian Wikipedia).
• Switzerland’s division into cantons along geographical, religious and linguistic lines.^[11]
• Russian separatism in Crimea (Annexation of Crimea)
• Separatist movements of Pakistan including Balochistan movement and the Sindhudesh movement.^[12]
• Separatist movements of India Jammu and Kashmir^[12][13]
• Assam separatist movements
• Insurgency in Northeast India
• Sri Lanka’s ethnic Tamil minority separatism in Tamil Eelam.
• Several ethnic minority groups fighting for separate states in Myanmar (Burma), including the Chin, Kachin, Karen, Rakhine, Rohingya, Shan, and the Wa.
• Ethnic Malay separatism in Thailand.
• Tibet has a government in exile established by the 14th Dalai Lama of Tibet.^[14]
• Uyghur (Turkic) separatism in China (Xinjiang)
• Future of Åland separatist political party in the Åland.

Africa

Oromo Liberation Front rebels in Kenya armed with AK-47 rifles.

South Sudanese independence referendum, 2011

• Africa’s hundreds of ethnic groups^[15] are subsumed into 54 nation states, often leading to ethnic conflict and separatism,^[16] including in Angola, Algeria, Burundi, the Caprivi Strip in Namibia, Congo and The Democratic Republic of the Congo, Darfur in Sudan, Ethiopia, Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Western Sahara and Zimbabwe.
• The Biafran War in the 1960s among Igbos, Hausa-Fulani and Yoruba; today’s ethnic and oil-related conflict in the Niger Delta of Nigeria.
• Conflicts in Liberia between African-Liberians and Americo-Liberians, people of African descent who immigrated from the Americas after being freed from slavery.
• Conflicts between Zulus and Xhosa in South Africa during and after apartheid.^[17]
• Boere-Afrikaners separatists.
• The Tuareg separatists in Niger and Mali.^[18]
• Anjouan’s separatism in the Union of Comoros as the island is a separate community from that of Comoros.

Americas

• Independence movement in Puerto Rico with the goal of obtaining complete independence from the United States.
• Hispanic (mostly Chicano) separatism, as embodied in the Chicano Movement (or Chicano nation) in the United States sought to recreate Aztlán, the mythical homeland of the Uto-Aztecs comprising the Southwestern United States which is home to the majority of Mexican Americans.^[19] They drew on the Latin American concepts of racial identity such as the bronze race and La Raza Cósmica. Today, a small Raza Unida Party continues with similar goals.
• French-Canadian separatists are mainly found in the French-majority province of Quebec, Canada; with the goal of creating an independent state for the preservation of French language and culture and French-Canadian nation in North America.^{[20][21][22][23][24]}
• The South is My Country in Brazil Claims independence of 3 states, most of them have a white-majority population with ethnic German and Italian roots^[25]

Australasia

• Sabah Sarawak Keluar Malaysia in Sabah and Sarawak (North Borneo), Malaysia.
• Free Papua Movement in West Papua region, Indonesia.
• Māori separatism in New Zealand.
• Bougainvillean separatism in Papua New Guinea.

Racial separatism

The examples and perspective in this section deal primarily with the United States and do not represent a worldwide view of the subject. You may improve this section, discuss the issue on the talk page, or create a new section, as appropriate. (August 2011) (Learn how and when to remove this template message)

Some separatist groups seek to separate from others along racial lines. They oppose interracial marriage and integration with other races and seek separate schools, businesses, churches and other institutions; and often separate societies, territories, countries, and governments.

Territories considered for “Aztlán”

• Black separatism (also known as black nationalism) is the most prominent wave advancing the concepts of “Black racial identity” in the United States and has been advanced by black leaders like Marcus Garvey and organizations such as the Nation of Islam. Critical race theorists like New York University’s Derrick Bell and University of Colorado’s Richard Delgado argue that US legal, education and political systems are rife with blatant racism. They support efforts like “all-black” schools and dorms and question the efficacy and merit of government-enforced integration.^[26] In 2008 statements by Barack Obama’s former pastor Jeremiah Wright, Jr., revived the issue of the current relevance of black separatism.^[27]
• Latin American concepts of racial identity such as the bronze race and La Raza Cósmica found in the small separatist Raza Unida Party. The Chicano Movement (or Chicano nation) in the United States sought to recreate Aztlán, the mythical homeland of the Aztecs comprising the Southwestern United States.^[19]
• White separatism in the United States and Western Europe seeks separation of the white race and limits to nonwhite immigration under the argument that these policies are necessary for white race’s survival.
• Most North American and many other Native American groups already have a high degree of autonomy. Complete separatism is advocated by some members of the Canadian First Nations, American Indian Movement, Republic of Lakotah (Lakota Sioux people in South Dakota), and tribal groups in Eastern Oklahoma, most notably the Cherokee people of the Cherokee Nation of Oklahoma.^{[citation needed]}
• Hawaiian sovereignty movement seeks some form of sovereignty for Hawaii.

Religious separatism

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Sikhs in London protesting against the Indian government

Religious separatist groups and sects want to withdraw from some larger religious groups and/or believe they should interact primarily with coreligionists.^{[citation needed]}

• English Christians in the 16th and 17th centuries who wished to separate from the Church of England and form independent local churches were influential politically under Oliver Cromwell, who was himself a separatist. They were eventually called Congregationalists.^[28] The Pilgrims who established the first successful colony in New England were separatists.^[29]
• Christian separatist groups in Indonesia,^[30][31] India^[32] and South Carolina (United States).^[33][34]
• Zionism sought the creation of the State of Israel as a Jewish homeland, with separation from gentile Palestinians. Simon Dubnow, who had mixed feelings toward Zionism, formulated Jewish Autonomism, which was adopted in eastern Europe by Jewish political parties such as the Bund and his own Folkspartei before World War II.^[35] Zionism can also be seen as somewhat ethnic too, however, as its definition of who is Jewish has often included people of Jewish background who do not practice the Jewish religion. It is further complicated as some who had ancestors who converted to Judaism, such as some Ethiopian Jews, may not share ethnic history with the Jews, however, are considered to be so but not without debate.^[36]
  

  Moro Islamic Liberation Front fighter in the Philippines

• The Partition of India and (later Pakistan and Bangladesh) arose as a result of separatism on the part of Muslims.
• Sikhs in India sought an independent nation of Khalistan after an agitation in the 1970s and 1980s for implementation of the Anandpur Sahib Resolution (demanding things such as a greater share of river water and autonomy for Punjab) resulted in the storming of the Harimandir Sahib (Golden Temple) by the Government of India troops in 1984. The storming of the temple to flush out Sikh Militants who were gaining momentum in their agitation for greater autonomy for Punjab resulted in Sikhs demanding an independent state for the Sikhs situated in Punjab Khalistan movement. The conflict escalated and led to an assassination of the Prime Minister of India Indira Gandhi as a retaliation of an Indian military operation called ‘Operation Blue Star’ directed against the Sikhs’ holiest shrine, the Golden Temple, in which many innocent Sikh civilians too lost their lives. The revenge murder of Gandhi evoked a Congress Party led backlash in the form of the Sikh genocide, which started in New Delhi and swept India in November 1984. That only further strengthened the Khalistan Movement, but it was largely subdued owing to the efforts of the police in Punjab. The controversial response by the Punjab State reportedly involved the use of human rights violations in the form of unexplained disappearances, faked encounters killings, rape and torture. However, many in the Sikh diaspora in the West and even Sikhs in India, still support the idea of Khalistan, but support is dying and generally the Indian Sikh population is patriotic towards India or at least not supportive of the idea of Khalistan.^[37]
• Muslim separatist groups in the Philippines (Mindanao and other regions: Moro Islamic Liberation Front, Abu Sayyaf), in Thailand (see also South Thailand insurgency), in India (see also Insurgency in Jammu and Kashmir), in the People’s Republic of China (Xinjiang: East Turkestan Islamic Movement), Tanzania (Zanzibarian separatist movements), in the Central African Republic (Regions that are inhabited by Muslims: Séléka), in Russia (in the Northern Caucasus, especially in Chechnya: Caucasus Emirate), in Yugoslavia (Bosnia and Herzegovina: Alija Izetbegovic espoused an Islamic inspired separatism)